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"An Upgrade of Hasmonean Coins"
By:
Yehoshua Zlotnik
[email protected]
Ancient Jewish coins were first minted at the end of the Persian
period. The Persian government authorized the rulers of the Yehud to
mint miniature silver coins
called obols, in the weight of 0.7 gr`, and its fractions. On one side of
these coins, there is a lily and the Paleo-Hebrew inscription "Yehud".
In the Hellenistic period, during the rule of Ptolemy II, Philadelphus
and Ptolemy III, tiny silver coins were minted, almost identical in
their size to those of the Persian period, with the Paleo- Hebrew
inscription Yehudh. When the bronze coins were introduced at
that time, the tiny silver coins were no longer used.
Until the time of the Seleucid ruler Antiochus VII, Sidetes, the Jews
did not mint any coins. A breakthrough in the Jewish minting
occurred when Antiochus VII, Sidetes, the Seleucid king allowed the
minting of Jewish coins. In a letter addressed to Shimon the
Hashmonean, The High Priest and leader to the Jewish people, it
read: "And I allow you to make your own coin, a coin for your
country".
But the minting of independent coins started only in the time of his son
and successor, Yehohanan Hyrcanus I.
Hyrcanus I was the first Hasmonean to renew the minting of Jewish coins.
It was thanks to the political situation at that time, the Seleucid
rule suffering from internal conflicts and continuous struggles,
that it became possible for him to get the authority to mint. The
first coin minted by him in Jerusalem was with the Hebrew emblem of
a lily. Following his conquests to expand his kingdom territory,
after the death of Antiochus VII, Sidetes, Hyrcanus improved his
status and so decreased his dependence on the Seleucid ruler
Demetrius II.
From the new emblems on the coins minted by Hyrcanus I, we can learn
about his status, since some of them do not include sovereign
Seleucid features, which indicates political independence. Moreover,
as written in Jewish Antiquity by Josephus ( 13, 254-255),
Hyrcanus conquests right after the death of Antiochus, and his
behavior imply political independence which is expressed in the
inscriptions on his coins. A characteristic of Hyrcanus coins which
were issued in gradually changing models is that the first had
Seleucid features (in part) and the other series had unmistakable
Jewish features and inscriptions in Paleo-Hebrew. This can be shown
by Hyrcanus first's coins and those of his successors. Since the
Hasmonean period and during its time, only bronze coins were minted,
indicates a state of dependence or that they continued to use silver
coins that were still in circulation.
While some of Hyrcanus's coins are undated, the numismatic researches
concerning the beginning of Hyrcanus minting still show different
opinions. In the lecture, a number of new suggestions will be
presented concerning the Hasmonean minting and the upgrading
processes of the coins.
The son of Hyrcanus I, Judah Aristobolus, adopted a few of his father's
coin models. However king Alexander Jannaeus who had conquered many
regions, part of which are populated by foreigners, did introduce
some essential changes to the minting. In addition to his
predecessors' standard models, he also issued coins of the kingdom,
among them bilingual coin: Paleo-Hebrew/Greek, and Aramaic/Greek, in
order to adjust them to the new populations conquered by king
Alexander Jannaeus.
A review of these processes and other numismatic aspects will be
discussed in detail the next lecture.
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