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The Israeli Numismatic Society �Tel
Aviv Branch
(Lecture review)
The Numismatic Finds from the
Hadrian�Bar Kokhba Period
By: Yeoshua Zlotnik
[email protected]
The lecture refers to the numismatic
material from the Bar Kokhba and Hadrianic period, found in
archaeological excavations in Jerusalem and in its vicinity, and
addresses the question of who governed this territory in the time of
the Bar Kokhba revolt 132-135 AD.
Jerusalem was reestablished by Hadrian, probably in 129�130 C.E and
renamed "Aelia Capitolina". The new town spanned over almost half of
the city destroyed by Titus. The founding of a Roman colony on the
site of Jerusalem and the construction of a temple to Jupiter on the
site of the Jewish temple may have been the trigger to the Bar
Kokhba war. The city was founded and a Pomerium ceremony was
held, which includes the marking of the city boundaries by plowing.
The ceremony is depicted on the early coins minted by Hadrian in
Jerusalem, showing the emperor leading a cow and bull plowing the
city boundaries, with the standard (vexillum) of the Xth
legion, Legio Fretensis, depicted in the background. Only 9 types of
coins were minted in Aelia Capitolina in Hadrian's time.
According to Cassius Dio, in the beginning the revolt was successful
and Roman forces suffered many casualties.
The available information about the Bar Kokhba revolt in general and
about Jerusalem in particular is limited, due to the absence of
literary sources, the rarity of testimonies and the limited number
of archaeological evidence. Thus, in order to reach conclusions
regarding the situation in Jerusalem, we must take a bird's eye
view, and consider all the sources.
Archaeological, numismatic and historical sources, shed new light on
the geographical territory ruled by Bar Kokhba, covering, to the
South, the area of Mount Hebron towards Beer Sheba, to the West, the
Judea Plain including Beit Guvrin�Emmaus, and in the North of Judea,
some settlements North of Jerusalem, the area between Modi�in and
Bethel. The Eastern territory included the Judean Desert, the Jordan
River and the Dead Sea. The sources are limited but interesting and
suggestive, indicating that Jerusalem was surrounded by the rebels'
control.
Cassius Dio states that the cause of the Bar Kokhba rebellion was
Hadrian's decision to establish Aelia Capitolina and build a temple
to Jupiter. In contrast, Eusebius states that Aelia Capitolina was
established as a result of the rebellion. Sources, such as Eusebius
and Apian, are the first noting that half of the city was again
conquered and destroyed in Hadrian's reign, or that the city was
rebuilt and destroyed again by Hadrian.
Scholars debate whether Jerusalem fell into the hands of Bar
Kokhba's warriors or whether it remained an autonomous (Roman) city
during the period of the rebellion.
In the lecture, some new solutions to these questions will be
presented.
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